Thursday, October 24, 2024

“Book of Imaginary Beings” Jorge Luis Borges 的《想像的動物》 Farīd Ud-Dīn Attar, THE CONFERENCE OF THE BIRDS《百鳥朝鳳》 聖鳥 Simurgh 。《列王紀》The Shahnameh also transliterated Shahnama,

 


 Farīd Ud-Dīn Attar,  THE CONFERENCE OF THE BIRDS《百鳥朝鳳》“Book of Imaginary Beings”  Jorge Luis Borges 的《想像的動物》


In reiterating this idea of the chimera (whose name is likely drawn from a volcano of that name) as a metaphor for a task or entity that lies beyond human conception, the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges notes in his “Book of Imaginary Beings” (translated in 1967 by Andrew Hurley), “The incoherent shape fades away and the word remains to stand for ‘the Impossible.’”


Image
A 19th- or 20th-century Chinese painting of Leigong, the god of thunder, who is typically depicted with bat wings and a bird beak.Credit...The Trustees of the British Museum


1998年年底的戴明紀念會上,我講有關以西遊記比喻戴明晚年成道的故事。1999年,我讀J  Jorge Luis Borges 的《想像的動物》(台北:志文出版社,楊耐冬譯,pp.164-165)的「知識樹上的不朽西牟(Simurgh)」,覺得它是一個很好的成道比喻。很顯然,Borges也對此故事情有獨鍾,他在《永恆的故事》(1936)中的〈阿個莫塔斯〉,花了半頁的注來說明、闡明:尋找者和被尋者具有同一性。
   「西牟」是種不朽的(類似鳳凰),築巢在知識樹上。根據十二世紀波斯詩人法思德 亞各丁
阿塔(另譯哈塔,為成吉思汗的士兵所殺)寫過一首四千五句對句韻律的故事:《朝鳳》(另譯為《樂門》或《的對話》)來記述它。著名的《魯拜集》創譯者E. Fitzgerald,有《朝鳳》部份英譯本。
   「遠古的王西牟(意思為「三十隻),在中國某地拋下一根光彩奪目的羽毛,眾知道這事後,立即一陣騷動,決定出發找這位王。   開始時,有的兒喪失了勇氣,開了小差:因為夜鶯向改魂求愛;鸚鵡祈求美麗鎖在籠中;鷓鴣(松雞)在山中不能沒有家;蒼鷺不能沒有沼澤;貓頭鷹不能沒有廢墟。   後來,眾冒險出發了。它們越過七谷七海(最後第二海洋叫「迷海」,最後名為「滅海」)。殘生的,受盡折磨卻沒離開的,最後只剩下三十隻,千辛萬苦後,抵達西牟大峰。終於得以見到王。   他們最後才明白,他們自己就是西牟;西牟就是他們每個個體,也是他們的全體。」

   一位大師的靈魂,就像《千面英雄》中的西藏菩薩畫(第十二圖)般,菩薩千像,化了他三十位學生中,他的三十萬讀者中,對他們進行鼓勵和啟迪。
   又據張鴻年《波斯文學史》(北京:北京大學出版社,1993,第107-108頁),對作者阿塔各(1445-1221)有極簡單的介紹:「他的主要作品為《朝鳳》和《詩樂》。作者是做過生意的詩人,一生傲骨不凡,未做過讚歌諛別人,也不願為稻糧,把「珍珠鑽孔修磨」(作詩)」。張先生是如此介紹《朝鳳》的:
   「全詩長9200行..詩中眾。寓指蘇非信徒,途中比喻他們修行的磨難…真主原本在每個人的心中,信徒只要潛心修行,敬主行善,就符合真主的意旨了。至於到外朝拜則是其次的。」

"For Attar, orthodoxy is just one more egoistic attachment that must be shattered to make room for the Divine. It’s a rebuke fit for dogmatists of every stripe and creed."
Why today's world needs the 12th-century Iranian poem THE CONFERENCE OF THE BIRDS: bit.ly/2qkYJoB
“That anyone has ever been able to surpass one of the great figures of the…
LITHUB.COM








IN A 12TH-CENTURY IRANIAN POEM, A VISION OF SOLIDARITY WE NEED TODAY
WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE CONFERENCE OF THE BIRDS


May 24, 2017 By Theodore McCombs






“That anyone has ever been able to surpass one of the great figures of the Divine Comedy seems incredible, and rightly so,” wrote Jorge Luis Borges, in his Nine Essays on Dante; “nevertheless, the feat has occurred.” Borges was speaking of the medieval Iranian poet Attar’s allegorical epic, Manteq al-Tayr, or The Conference of the Birds, and the magnificent image that caps the poem, of the mythical bird-deity of Persian literature, the Simorgh. Writers from Rumi to Borges to Porochista Khakpour have drawn on Attar and his sublime Simorgh, a vision of coherence in a divided world. Over eight centuries later, and with an exciting new translation released, by Iranian-American poet Sholeh Wolpé, Attar’s Simorgh still speaks to our moment of change and challenge: a moving and unsettling ideal from a very different, but very relevant time and place.


Farīd Ud-Dīn Attar, a pharmacist and poet in 12th-century Nishapur, Iran, composed The Conference of the Birds as a Sufi allegory for the soul’s journey to the Divine, with the Simorgh cast as the great king of the birds of the world. The birds look to the hoopoe, King Solomon’s favorite avian courier, to guide them on the Way to the Simorgh’s home on Mount Qaf. The birds present their fears, excuses, longings, and attachments to the hoopoe, who upbraids them to demolish their egos and fall into an ecstatic, irrational love with the Divine. The hoopoe illustrates each lesson with a series of parables on this not-quite-sane, often shocking love: there are kings who fall in love with male servants; there’s a Sufi sheikh who apostatizes for love of a Christian girl; there are blood-tears, and flayings, and every manner of holy fools ecstatically degrading themselves. The Way, Attar wants us to understand, is not confined by logic, worldly prudence, or even religious orthodoxy. Every form of ego must be sacrificed, even the conceit of rectitude.


The hoopoe’s lessons unnerve the birds so violently, some die on the spot. The remaining birds journey through countless ordeals and allegorical terrains with names like the Valley of the Quest and the Valley of Poverty and Annihilation. In the end, out of 100,000, only 30 pilgrims reach Mount Qaf. Purified and chastened by the journey, they behold the Simorgh: only to see their own reflection in the lake waters. Attar reveals his clever twist of language: si morgh, in Persian, means “30 birds.” All the birds are the Simorgh; Simorgh is them. Borges admired Attar’s economy of narrative: “adroitly, the searchers are what they seek.”


Sholeh Wolpé’s stunning new translation—the first in over 30 years—renders Attar’s engaging, singular voice with wit and flourish. As medieval Islamic allegorical epic translations go, The Conference of the Birds is also highly readable. Wolpé provides section outlines and headers to orient readers; she also makes the brilliant choice of presenting the parables as prose, emphasizing their substantive themes, while the birds’ speeches remain in a clear and lively verse. The first native Persian speaker and first woman to translate Conference, she renders genderless Persian nouns like “Simorgh” (and “God”) without that irritating Western resort to the ‘default’ masculine. (In the original mythology, the Simorgh is quite clearly a female deity.) Most importantly, Wolpé offers Attar’s masterwork not as a curiosity from a bygone age, but as a text of living wisdom whose message is always timely.


At a time when Islam is being presented both by hostile forces and extremist “champions” as a religion of grim, inflexible dogmas, Attar’s religiosity is a moving breath of freedom. For Attar, orthodoxy is just one more egoistic attachment that must be shattered to make room for the Divine. It’s a rebuke fit for dogmatists of every stripe and creed.


And while Attar wrote in a specific religious context, Wolpé chooses universal terms for the Divine, emphasizing accessibility over scholasticism. Conference isn’t really for would-be mystics in Boulder and Big Sur, but for a world beset by materialism, fear, and self-righteousness, by a damaging individualism that celebrates getting one’s own over the common good.


Wolpé’s translation comes right as we’ve elected a president who seems to embody all those things, and as many of us struggle to face the loss of national comforts, security, prosperity, and idealism. The Conference doesn’t just rebuke the proud demagogues of the age, but also goads the lukewarm who want to do good, but fear losing what looks like safety and happiness: those who are fine with #TheResistance, so long as it remains a hashtag. Attar the pharmacist writes powerfully about the disease of taking too small and close a view of things, a disease which afflicts all of us, and as cure proposes a radical openness to the other, the greater, and the more important.


“Populations do good or evil en masse: not as loosely affiliated individuals, but as movements, electorates, and economies.”



This cure plays out in unexpected ways within Attar’s surprisingly frequent trope, running through the parables, of an erotic drama between a king and his beautiful servant. Sometimes, the king is a clear allegory for the Divine, and his servant’s devotion or fickleness is raised as a model or warning. But other parables feature memorably unpredictable, dangerous, and foolish kings. In one, a king falls in love with “his silver-bodied servant,” and favors him by practicing archery, William Tell-style, with an apple balanced on the youth’s head. “In the meantime, I writhe,” the boy says, “my life always in danger for nothing at all.” These kings are living, strutting egos, embodying the pride and worldly anxiety the Wayfarer must repudiate.


The greatest sovereign in the poem, of course, is the Simorgh, who paradoxically is the pilgrim birds and their sovereign at once.


In his 1948 essay “The Simorgh and the Eagle,” Borges compared the paradox of Attar’s Simorgh to the Eagle in Dante’s Paradiso, in which thousands of righteous biblical and classical kings appear flying in eagle-shaped formation through the Heaven of Jupiter. “In the abstract,” Borges concedes, “the concept of a being composed of other beings does not appear promising,” citing the grotesque, composite allegory of Rumor in the Aeneid. But Borges praises the Eagle and the Simorgh as “one of the most memorable figures in Western literature, and another of Eastern literature,” while granting the advantage to Attar’s Simorgh:


The Eagle is merely implausible; the Simorgh, impossible. The individuals who make the Eagle are not lost in it (David serves as the pupil of one eye; Trajan, Ezekiel, and Constantine as brows); the birds that gaze upon the Simorgh are at the same time the Simorgh. The Eagle is a transitory symbol . . . ; those who form its shape with their bodies do not cease to be who they are; the ubiquitous Simorgh is inextricable.


This democratic corpus of Attar’s Simorgh contrasts with the tyrants in his parables, who marshal the collective force of their subordinates in service of their singular wills. It’s an especially potent contrast in our particular American political moment, as we watch our corporate CEO of a president wrangle with courts and entrenched bureaucracies while mass protests unfold in city centers. Trump is ego incarnate (some might say idincarnate), while the protestors—especially in the photos from the Women’s March in city after city—take on a composite, “inextricable” identity.


Attar’s image of the Simorgh captures something profound about how, especially today, populations do good or evil en masse: not as loosely affiliated individuals, but as movements, electorates, and economies. The complex ethics of the individual’s tiny, marginal impact on enormous moral events—whether it’s commuters taking the bus to fight climate change, or young people buying health insurance to lower the cost for everyone—is still being developed, and proving one of the most divisive flashpoints in the political landscape.


Attar doesn’t provide a solution to this question, but The Conference of the Birds does offer insight into the emotional and spiritual experience of this composite identity. It involves transcendence but also an annihilation of sorts, like any honest mysticism. It involves hardships and the loss of everything we cling to in order to feel better about ourselves. But the alternative is living falsely, attached to paltry, fleeting, even treacherous advantages, “always in danger for nothing at all.” Wealth, power, status, ostentation, the fear and respect of others: I look at Trump, I read and hear what he says, and I see a deeply unhappy man made more miserable by these things and his dread of losing them. As Attar tells us:


All that you have uttered,
all that you have heard,
all that you knew,
and all that you have seen,
all of it from the very start
is just the beginning of the fairy tale.


Disappear. This ruin is not your abode.
What matters is the essence of truth . . .
When the True Sun shines eternal,
does it matter if here is an atom
or here, its shadow?


Then, there are the faces of the marchers and protestors, unconcerned—at least for one cold Saturday morning, at least some of them—with anything like power and wealth, but caught up in the energy of the movement. Protests are, at their best, spectacles of affinity and unity; people see how many others, and how many different others, come together for something greater than themselves. “This is not a place of uniformity; here you find unity in diversity,” Attar writes of the Valley of Unity, the allegorical space where pilgrims shed the illusion of separateness.


That’s a profoundly hopeful vision for a country divided by media “bubbles” and polarization. It’s a hopeful vision for all of us.



話說伊朗

波斯文學當中有幾個知名的愛情故事,接下來幾篇準備來一個一個介紹,今天就從《列王紀》中的 Zal 跟 Rudabeh 開始,他們最知名的事蹟在於生下了波斯史詩第一英雄魯斯坦。

相傳 Zal 王子出身於英雄世家,家人都在波斯軍隊擔任將軍,因為出生時一頭白髮所以被命名為 Zal。因為長相奇特,父親把他丟棄在伊朗最高峰,結果反而遇到波斯聖鳥 Simurgh,由聖鳥撫養長大,這可謂人生開局就有奇遇。

後來父親聽到Zal 被聖鳥撫養的傳聞,到山下祈求天神原諒後接了 Zal 下山,並盡力補償過錯。臨走前,聖鳥給予 Zal 一支羽毛,若有危機情況可以拿出來召喚它。

數年後一年,父親出外征戰,Zal 代理王位,開始巡視東部省份,意外獲知喀布爾的統治者的女兒 Rudabeh 美若天仙,Zal 頓時陷入戀愛。

《列王紀》這麼描述 Rudabeh 的美貌,難怪 Zal 光看畫像就暈船。

「她的嘴唇如石榴花般嬌美,唇如櫻桃,她那銀色的胸膛曲線優美,雙乳如同石榴般飽滿。
她的雙眼宛如花園中的水仙花,睫毛的黑色似乎源自烏鴉的翅膀。

她的眉毛如特拉茲的弓般精心描繪,輕撒細粉,優雅地染上麝香色。

如果你尋找皎潔的明月,那就是她的面容;如果你渴望麝香的芬芳,它隱約停留在她的秀髮中。
從頭到腳,她宛如一座被鍍金的天堂,滿溢光輝、和諧與歡愉。」

在這幅細密畫中,Zal 來到喀布爾 Rudabeh 的樓下,用著自己帶的繩索爬進 Rudabeh 房間,兩人成為愛侶。

不過 Zal 的父親聽聞此事勃然大怒,因為喀布爾的統治者是蛇王扎哈克的後代,幾個世代被波斯英雄 Fereydun 所擊敗,而 Fereydun 的曾孫 Manuchehr 是當今波斯帝國的統治者,對於世代為波斯軍隊服務的父王來說是屬於不得體的行為,因此強硬地拒絕了 Zal 的婚姻請求。

不過在 Zal 的強烈要求下,這是鬧到了Manuchehr 皇宮做仲裁。Manuchehr 要求 Zal 展現武藝以及回答艱難的問題。在打敗皇宮當中最強的勇士以及出色回答問題後,波斯沙王Manuchehr 同意了這門婚事。

Zal 與 Rudabeh 成功地在喀布爾舉行婚禮,而洞房花燭夜那晚,Rudabeh 懷上了英雄魯斯坦。當要生產時,Rudabeh 出現難產,這時 Zal 拿出當初聖鳥送的羽毛,聖鳥讓 Zal 用羽毛進行剖腹產才順利完成生產,讓母子均安。聖鳥真是庇護了 Zal 兩代父子。



列王紀》(波斯語شاهنامه‎、Šāhnāmeh),亦被稱為《王書》、《列王書》、《諸王之書》,其是波斯民族的史詩


An Epic of Kings: The Great Mongol Shahnama 







Exhibitions
An Epic of Kings: The Great Mongol Shahnama 





Alexander the Great between East and West

  • Alexander the Great between East and West Event Image

    Date

    Tuesday, October 29, 2024
    12:00 pm–1:00 pm

    Location

    Zoom

Description

Throughout history, many authors have recounted Alexander the Great’s deeds and quests, real or fictional. In Iran, Alexander is known as Iskandar, and because of his Persian ancestry he is recognized as a legitimate ruler. In Europe, he is a model of virtue and piety for Christian rulers. In both traditions, Alexander is a relentless adventurer who journeys to the end of the world in an unsuccessful quest for immortality. Join curator Simon Rettig and professor Mark Cruse as they explore Alexander’s centrality in the cultures of the global late Middle Ages, focusing on fourteenth-century illustrated manuscripts of Firdawsi’s Shahnama (Book of kings) and copies of the Romance of Alexander from the contemporaneous Latin West. 

This program is held in conjunction with the exhibition An Epic of Kings: The Great Mongol Shahnama, on view from September 21, 2024, to January 12, 2025. 




Wednesday, October 23, 2024

《波法利夫人》兩譯本1978、2003 ;《沙特文學論》1980;《沙特隨筆》1980; Jean-Paul Sartre,1905.6.21—1980.4.15。沙爾特的時代..... each individual must create meaning for his or her own life, because life itself had no innate meaning. 拒諾貝爾文學獎





 《沙特文學論》劉大悲譯,1980 ,60元


《沙特隨筆》張靜二譯,1980 ,60元
美國的機關更厲害 沙特二戰間訪美 到某造船廠 他們要訪客錄音 隔天播放給全廠員工聽 士氣可大振  參考
沙特隨筆著   張靜二譯│志文│
此君寫的美國六周 說了解美國需10年以上  不過他對"個人主義的一致性"和"明顯的理性"觀察頗多 (我1993年與陳巨擘先生訪美  陳跟我說美國許多工具等等 很考慮人性或方便  這一趟還買了一本 HERBERT A SIMON的 MODELS OF MY LIFE 我似乎被電到....)

沙特隨筆 張靜二譯│Taipei: 志文,1980
生活·境遇:萨特言谈、随笔集 .:平装18cm / 297页; 【出版项】:三联书店上海分店 / 1990.2,1996.6重印 ..此書有抄襲張之翻譯之嫌不過妙的是改錯了  將農神 Saturn 翻譯成 Satan



《波法利夫人》兩譯本:

《波法利夫人》胡品清譯,1978/1987,170元
《波法利夫人》蕭逢年重譯,2003,300元



 Jean-Paul Sartre,1905.6.21—1980.4.15。沙爾特的時代..... each individual must create meaning for his or her own life, because life itself had no innate meaning.


This day in history 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre wins and declines Nobel Prize in Literature
On October 22, 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre is awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, which he declines.
In his novels, essays, and plays, Sartre advanced the philosophy of existentialism, arguing that each individual must create meaning for his or her own life, because life itself had no innate meaning.
Sartre studied at the elite École Normale Supérieure between 1924 and 1929. He met Simone de Beauvoir, who became his lifelong companion, during this time. The pair spent countless hours in cafés, talking, writing, and drinking coffee. Sartre became a philosophy professor and taught in Le Havre, Laon, and Paris. In 1938, his first novel, Nausea, was published-the narrative took the form of a diary of a cafÉ-haunting intellectual. In 1939, he was drafted into World War II, taken prisoner, and held for about a year; he later fought with the French Resistance.
In 1943, he published one of his key works, Being and Nothingness, where he argued that man is condemned to freedom and has a social responsibility. Sartre and Beauvoir engaged in social movements, supporting communism and the radical student uprisings in Paris in 1968.
Also in 1943, he wrote one of his best-known plays, The Flies, followed by Huis Clos (No Exit) in 1945. In 1945, he began a four-volume novel called The Roads to Freedom but gave up the novel form after finishing the third volume in 1949. In 1946, he continued to develop his philosophy in Existentialism and Humanism.
In the 1950s and 60s, he devoted himself to studies of literary figures like Baudelaire, Jean Genet, and Flaubert. The Family Idiot, his work on Flaubert, was massive, but only three of four volumes were published. Sartre’s health and vision declined in his later years, and he died in 1980.
可能是 1 人和讀書的圖像






6月21日


沙特(Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre)

(西元1905.6.21—1980.4.15)

法國哲學家及作家。存在主義哲學的大師,提倡激進的自由意志主義。於二戰期間投身反抗運動。代表作《存在與虛無》被視為法國存在主義運動的奠基之作。另有長篇小說《自由之路》等作品。



  作家唯一的機會只出現在自己的時代中。時代為了作家而延續,作家也為了時代而誕生。很遺憾地,巴爾札克對四十八年事變(二月革命)毫不關心,福樓拜也不了解巴黎公社且戰戰兢兢,而我是為他們而感到遺憾。因為,他們已經在各自的時代中,永遠失去了某些東西。我們不想在我們的時代中失去任何東西。未來或許會出現更美好的時代,但此刻是屬於我們的時代。我們身處這場戰爭,恐怕該稱為這場革命中,必須、也只能為了活出這段人生而挺身奮鬥。

節自 評論雜誌《現代》之創刊辭


----

Jean-Paul Sartre, a Marxist existentialist philosopher and writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature, described the trial as

"a legal lynching which smears with blood a whole nation. By killing the Rosenbergs, you have quite simply tried to halt the progress of science by human sacrifice. Magic, witch-huntsautos-da-fé, sacrifices – we are here getting to the point: your country is sick with fear ... you are afraid of the shadow of your own bomb."[34]

---

《無所不談》有兩篇關於法國明星 Brigitte Bardot  (碧姬芭杜):、〈論碧姬芭杜的頭髮〉。

林語堂是/屬大師級,〈從碧姬芭杜小姐說起〉一文,碧姬芭杜是引言,主要開始介紹存在主義大師沙特 (林譯:薩爾忒Jean-Paul Sartre,接下專篇〈說薩爾忒〉




Oct. 22, 1964 - The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded today to Jean‐Paul Sartre (pictured), who promptly refused the honor and the $53,000 that accompanies it.

The 59‐year‐old French writer, philosopher, and exponent of existentialism took time out from luncheon in a Paris bistro to issue his refusal.

In a statement, Sartre said a writer must not accept official awards because to do so would add the influence of the institution that honored his work to the power of his pen. That is not fair to the reader, he said.

Sartre had forewarned the Swedish Academy, which makes the literature award, that he did not want it. Nevertheless, the academy members felt he was the only possible recipient this year.

He is the first to turn down the award fully and freely.

In 1925, George Bernard Shaw rejected the prize and then changed his mind, with the money going toward the translating of Swedish literature. Boris Pasternak refused the 1953 award under Soviet pressure.

The academy’s secretary, Karl Gierow, said: “If Sartre does not collect the prize, the money will be returned to the Nobel Prize funds. The academy’s award is not guided by the possible winner’s wishes but only by the decision of the academy’s 18 members.”

Sartre’s first work was a novel published in 1938 and called “Nausea.” He has since written a number of novels, plays, and philosophical works as well as a vast number of journalistic articles.

His book “Being and Nothingness” summarized the ideas behind existentialism in these words:

“Man can will nothing unless he has first understood that he must count on no one but himself; that he is alone, abandoned on earth in the midst of his infinite responsibilities; without help; with no other aim than the one he sets himself, with no other destiny than the one he forges for himself on this earth.”

For the existentialist, God does not exist, and the world is just a phenomenon without any meaning other than what man may attach to it. Man is always faced with the responsibility of choice between good and evil, and man makes that choice not only for himself but for all humanity.

Sartre has taken a vigorous part in many contemporary controversies. He has dealt with the American civil rights problem, what he considers to be unnecessary fears of Communism, French treatment of Algerian freedom fighters, and West German prosperity.


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《The Volga伏爾加河》 historic Kazan Kremlin. Walking in Leo Tolstoy's footsteps in Kazan Bruce Chatwit Kazan (Volga region) Federal University 校友 列寧 托爾斯泰 高爾基故事曹永洋傳奇或老曹與我們。《歷史人物的回聲》中的托尔斯泰篇為索引談志文出版社的 列夫·托尔斯泰(Leo Tolstoy,1828-1910)作品: 《戰爭與和平》 《一日一善》((春)(夏)(秋)(冬)全4册)《婚姻生活的幸福:托爾斯泰小說選》《托爾斯泰的短篇傑作選》〈三個問題〉


我決定試寫這本書之後,更能體會蓋希文的話"Life is a lot like Jazz.. It's best when you improvise"
-George Gershwin
(September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) an American composer and pianist.


Mr. Putin received the visiting leaders at the historic Kazan Kremlin. Walking in Leo Tolstoy's footsteps in Kazan   Bruce Chatwit 《The Volga伏爾加河》 Kazan (Volga region) Federal University 校友 列寧 托爾斯泰 高爾基故事曹永洋傳奇或老曹與我們。《歷史人物的回聲》中的托尔斯泰篇為索引談志文出版社的  列夫·托尔斯泰(Leo Tolstoy,1828-1910)作品: 《戰爭與和平》 《一日一善》((春)(夏)(秋)(冬)全4册)《婚姻生活的幸福:托爾斯泰小說選》《托爾斯泰的短篇傑作選》〈三個問題〉
https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/1060515152229769




George Gershwin works on a score at the piano in his 72nd Street apartment, New York, New York, 1934. (Photo by PhotoQuest/Getty Images)


https://www.facebook.com/TheWorldOfJazz



曹永洋《歷史人物的回聲》到廖志峰《青春的回聲》(2022.6.2)再回到 東海大學演講《我從歷史人物中所得到的啟發》1974.11.7,蕭乾的回應..........八芝蘭‧天玉齋隨筆(曹賜固, 曹永洋)




曹永洋《歷史人物的回聲》到廖志峰《青春的回聲》(2022.6.2)再回到 東海大學演講《我從歷史人物中所得到的啟發》1974.11.7,蕭乾的回應.........
https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/1066053027334390
我總是喜歡作自己的嘗試,譬如說,全力搜索近五十年的托爾斯泰研究(英日,包括紐約時報)


Encyclopedia Britannica




The enduring fame of Leo Tolstoy, Russia author, reformer, and moral thinker, rests mainly on two novels, War and Peace and Anna Karenina. A deeply contradictory man, Tolstoy was and individualistic aristocrat who in his later years tried unsuccessfully to lead the life of poor peassant, a sensualist who ended up as an intransigent puritan, a man of singularvitality who feared death at almost every step. This extraordinary duality of character led in middle life to abandon his career of a mere writer of fiction to become aradical Christian who propagated his belief in a life of love and faith and his rejection of property and such man-made institions as governments an churches by a stream of essays and pamphlets and largely didactic shor stories and plays.


GOOGLE 翻譯

大英百科全書




俄國作家、改革家和道德思想家列夫·托爾斯泰的不朽名聲主要歸功於《戰爭與和平》和《安娜·卡列尼娜》兩部小說。托爾斯泰是一個非常矛盾的人,一個個人主義的貴族,晚年試圖過著貧苦農民的生活,但沒有成功;他是一個肉慾主義者,最終成為一個頑固的清教徒;一個充滿活力的人,幾乎每一步都害怕死亡。這種非同尋常的雙重性格導致他在中年時放棄了一個純粹的小說作家的職業生涯,成為一名激進的基督徒,宣揚他對愛和信仰生活的信仰,並拒絕財產和政府、教會等人為制度。





徐復觀《論戰與藝術》曹永洋編1982




托爾斯泰的短篇傑作選中有一篇〈三個問題〉
三個問題
李明宗
這本托爾斯泰的短篇傑作選中有一篇〈三個問題〉,很有啟發性,樂於分享。
從前有一個國王,他想到如果他知道什麼時候做該做的事,與人交往的時候能找對人,以及如果他能知道哪一樣事情是當務之急,那麼他就不會失敗了。
故事的鋪陳是國王去請教某個隱士,情節在此都略過,直接跳到全文最後的解答
「……那麼請你記住:最重要的時間只有一個,那就是現在。它之所以重要因為那是我們唯一能主宰的時間;而最重要的人就是跟你在一起的這個人,因為沒有人知道他將來是否會和別人在一起;而當務之急就是你對這人行善。因為行善正是生而為人的主要目的。」









The summit is perhaps the highest-profile international event in Russia since Mr. Putin ordered the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, or even in Russian history, according to the state RIA News Agency. Over three days, Mr. Putin will also host President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey, the first NATO member to indicate interest in joining the group of countries, and the United Nations Mr. Xi’s plane was escorted by a Russian fighter jet before he landed in Kazan to red-carpet treatment, which included an honor guard and women in traditional costumes bearing heaping plates of Tatar snacks known as chak-chak.

Mr. Putin received the visiting leaders at the historic Kazan Kremlin, an ornate centuries-old castle.secretary general, António Guterres.


Image
The Kazan Kremlin, where Mr. Putin received the visiting leaders. Security was heavy in the city on Tuesday.Credit...Maxim Shemetov/Reuters
The leaders of China and Russia shaking hands near a sign that says ”BRICS.”
President Vladimir V. Putin meeting with President Xi Jinping in Kazan, Russia, on Tuesday.Credit...Alexander Zemlianichenko/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

 一日一善(全4册)


作者: [俄] 列夫·托尔斯泰
出版社: 新世界出版社
副标题: 托尔斯泰陪你走过人生四季
译者: 梁祥美
出版年: 2014-6

  • 《婚姻生活的幸福:托爾斯泰小說選》,托爾斯泰撰,原久一郎、中村白葉日譯,鄭清文中譯,臺北:志文出版社,1976年[5]
 


列夫‧托爾斯泰(Leo Tolstoy,1828-1910),公認為最偉大的俄國文學家,《西方正典》作者哈洛‧卜倫甚至稱之為「從文藝復興以來,唯一能挑戰荷馬、但丁與莎士比亞的偉大作家」。 曾參加克里米亞戰爭,戰後漫遊法、德等國,返鄉後興辦學校,提倡無抵抗主義及人道主義。創作甚豐,皆真實反映俄國社會生活,除著名的長篇小說《戰爭與和 平》、《安娜.卡列尼娜》之外,另有自傳體小說《童年‧少年‧青年》和數十篇中短篇小說,以及劇本、書信、日記、論文等等。


托爾斯泰是俄國文學史上最光輝的名字,在世界文學史上他也是永垂不朽的文豪。他在八十三歲俗世生活中,至少扮演了浪子、軍人、獵人、賭徒、文學家、教育家、改革家、聖者、人道主義者各種不同的角色。本書是他求道的巨著,也可以說,他是在自己的思想中注入古往今來許多聖哲的思想之火,並經過長期用心的整理統一,才使之成為照耀人類走向至善之道的火炬。編纂此書無疑是一樁巨大的工程,他乃藉此為自己也為人類闡釋有關人生的意義和使命的真理,並期待真理能切實在每個人的生活中實現。這位被譽為關懷世上無數苦難大眾的良知,在他生命的後三十年,更是極力反戰、反暴力、反虛偽、渴望返璞歸真,雖然他常如一盞明燈照耀人心,但他寧可大家把他當作一個平凡的、可親的、與我們一樣充滿缺點卻力求改善的兄,弟本書就是證言,只要讀者用心靈去閱讀本書,將可以從每日的章節得到啟示和鼓舞!



本的討論 獻給曹永洋老師

 2024年1月9日,曹永洋老師我志文出版,1985年《戰爭與和平》;這本每章小標題是他加的。

他可能不知道蕭逢年譯本(臺北志文出版,2000年)。


我有Norton Critical Edition.  Aylmer and Louise Maude (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922–23 加上相關背景和批評文章。


wikipedia

戰爭與和平》(改革前俄語Война́ и миръ,改革後俄語:Война и мир羅馬化:Voyná i mir, [vɐjˈna i ˈmʲir])是俄國作家列夫·托爾斯泰的一部長篇小說,講述歐洲拿破崙時期的俄羅斯所發生的事。早期版本的部分內容名為《1805 年》,於1865 年至 1867 年在《俄羅斯信使》上連載[1][2]。小說全文後於 1869 年完整出版。它將虛構敘事與歷史和哲學章節相融合,被認為是托爾斯泰最傑出的文學成就,至今仍是享譽國際的世界文學經典之一[3][4][5]

故事以1812年的俄國衛國戰爭為中心,通過記敍1805年至1820年的重大事件,包括奧斯特利茨戰役博羅金諾戰役莫斯科大火拿破崙潰退等。展示了當時俄國社會的風貌。

托爾斯泰認為,最好的俄羅斯文學不應被局限於標準,因此猶豫是否要將《戰爭與和平》歸類,稱它「不是小說,更不是詩歌,更不是歷史編年史」。這部作品的許多片段,尤其是後面的章節,都是哲學討論而非敘述[6]。相比之下,他將《安娜·卡列尼娜》視為自己的第一部真正意義上的小說。


  • 《戰爭與和平》,紀彩讓譯,臺北志文出版,1985年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,蕭逢年譯,臺北志文出版,2000年



中文譯本[編輯]  黑體字,台灣版

  • 《戰爭與和平》,郭沫若譯,上海光明書局,1925年10月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,高植譯,上海文化生活,1931年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,郭沫若、高地譯,上海駱駝書店,1948年8月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,童錫梁譯,臺北世界書局,1957年5月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,王元鑫譯,臺北新興書局,1957年5月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,逸康節譯,臺北淡江書局,1957年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,高植譯,新文藝出版社,1957年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,羅娜編譯,臺北東方出版,1958年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,顏瑾譯,臺南標準書局,1968年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,黃文範譯,臺北遠景出版,1981年3月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,紀彩讓譯,臺北志文出版,1985年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,李而已譯,廣州市新世紀出版社,1990年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,子冉譯,臺北業強出版,1994年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,劉遼逸譯,人民文學出版,1997年12月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,劉遼逸譯,臺北光復書局,1998年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,草嬰譯,臺北貓頭鷹出版,1999年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,蕭逢年譯,臺北志文出版,2000年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,夏麗譯,上海人民美術出版社,2001年3月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,周煜山譯,北京燕山出版社,2001年12月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,張捷譯,譯林出版社,2003年1月
  • 《戰爭與和平》(托爾斯泰小說全集1-4冊),草嬰譯,上海文藝出版社,2004年8月
  • 《戰爭與和平》,董秋思譯,中國人民大學出版社,2004年
  • 《戰爭與和平》,喬振緒譯,灕江出版社,2013年11月


死的況味    托爾斯泰等著,曹永洋編著,台北:志文,1995


Thomas Mann:為人寫的序言;《歌德與托爾斯泰》


《魔山》(1924)和《浮士德博士》(1947)

Thomas Mann 著
歌德與托爾斯泰     李永熾譯,台北:水牛,1971/80
單篇,169頁,25開

歌德與托爾斯泰      朱匯冰譯,杭州:浙江大學,2013
文集,477頁,16開


譯者簡介:
朱雁冰,德語教授, 1960年畢業於南京大學外文系,曾任1986至1992年度高等學校外語專業教材編審委員會委員和1992至1996年度高等外語專業教學指導委員會委員。國際日耳曼學聯合會(IVG)會員。上世紀80年代在德國沃爾芬比特圖書館作儒家思想在德國的接受(至18世紀末)的專題研究,發表論文《耶穌會與明清之際中西文化交流》(中文)、《萊布尼茨與朱熹》(德文)、《赫爾德、歌德和席勒著作中的儒家思想》(德文)等九篇。譯著涉獵哲學、基督教神學和文學等十幾種。


目錄 · · · · · ·

001譯者序

009歌德與托爾斯泰——人文論題未完稿

133歌德——市民時代的代表

173歌德作為作家的生涯

203論歌德的《浮士德》

251論《安娜?卡列尼娜》 ——

為一個美國版英譯托爾斯泰作品集寫的序

271關於歌德的幻想——

為一個美國版英譯歌德作品選寫的序

313論萊辛——在普魯士藝術科學院萊辛紀念會上的講話

333試論席勒——為紀念席勒一百五十年忌辰而作

427越洋之旅中讀《堂吉訶德》



《歌德與托爾斯泰》試讀:譯者序






托馬斯• 曼被認為是他那個時代的德國文學最具代表性的作家,是無可爭議的經典作家,他佔有著他那個時代的市民德國最高的思想文化,而且他自己也覺得他以他“世俗的德意志品格”,站在德意志文化的前沿崗位上,是一種向世界開放的德意志人道情懷和精神的代表。一九四九年歌德誕生兩百週年之際,他接受當時分裂的西德和東德的當局的邀請,分別在歌德的出生地西德法蘭克福和他的逝世地東德魏瑪的紀念會上作主題報告,儘管七月二十三日即將啟程之時,他在蘇黎士他下榻的飯店曾表示:“我覺得似乎在走向戰場。”但據稱,這時他也曾說:“凡我所在就有德國存在。”*** 然而,他在德國文學中的這個崇高地位並非毫無爭議。北德意誌廣播電台文化編輯部在一九七五年為紀念托馬斯• 曼一百週年誕辰曾就托馬斯• 曼令人感興趣的所在,對青年作家的影響和他作為他那個時代偉大的具有代表性的作家,作為二十世紀德語文學唯一無可爭議的經典作家這一評價的正當性三個方面詢問了許多德國作家,並將訪談作為專題播放。一九七六年,慕尼黑的《文本與批評》將這次訪談中的三十七位作家的談話在它的托馬斯• 曼專輯發表。其中多數人的回答是否定的,或者稱得上是肯定性回答卻有所保留。作出完全肯定的回答者只是少數。看來,出身於有教養的市民家庭的托馬斯• 曼的個人性格缺乏親和性,他跟這些大都跟他隔代甚至隔兩代的作家們存在“代溝問題”是一大原因,但從根本上講,還是思想和審​​美傾向的差異。比如一位女作家,她首先對這次詢問調查就不贊成,她說:“看來在這個國家似乎有人擔心,文化批評界對他的評價過分單調,為了使之再次成為話題,不得不將這具屍體抬出來讓人羞辱一番。”接著她提出指責:“稱得上罕有,但畢竟令人見到一次的一種精神訓練是,托馬斯• 曼居然能夠將他所經歷的兩次世界大戰,將兩次革命——近處的德國革命和較偏遠的俄國革命,將他在美國的居留,或者將重返遭到狂轟濫炸的德國的經歷幹乾淨淨地排除於他的作品之外。”這位論者大概忘記了托馬斯• 曼是將藝術與政治截然分開的。與布萊希特不同,他絕不將藝術與政治混在一起。他藉以表達他的政治信念和愛國情懷的是他的文章、講話和書信。第一次世界大戰期間,他發表《一個不問政治者的看法》。在這裡他作為保守的專制體制支持者和反民主的城市貴族的代表捍衛德意志文化,認為它與歐洲西部的文明有別並優於後者。但他同時又沿襲著當年歌德不反對拿破崙的態度,對戰爭保持非政治的,甚至反政治的立場。當然這是徒勞的,以致跟包括他的兄長亨利希• 曼在內的德國反戰的知識界陷於衝突。直到一九二二年他發表《論德意志共和國》的演說,這一沖突才得到化解。上個世紀三十年代初,他發表《呼籲理性》一文和中篇小說《馬里奧和魔術師》,矛頭直指日益猖獗的法西斯主義;第二次世界大戰期間他流亡美國,當時他發表的五十六篇《對德國的廣播講話》和一些文章表明,他作為藝術家是他那個時代的代表,同時又對它提出指控。一九四五年三月間他在一封信中寫道:“這個德國'被掌握在了魔鬼的手裡',沒有哪個德國人有權避開罪責,只有一個選擇:共同承擔德意志的不幸。” * 而且,他是一個有責任感的藝術家。六月間他以《德國和德國人》為題在華盛頓國會圖書館作的報告中重又提出“德國人的罪”的問題。** 只是他絕不在他的敘事作品裡表達政治立場。不少被詢問者認為,若說一個時代的具有代表性的作家或者經典作家,卡夫卡或者布萊希特同樣應該,甚至更有資格擁有這類稱號。這類人認為,托馬斯• 曼已成過去,他的作品中所表現的有教養的市民階層的思想和行為方式是歷史的見證,但並非榜樣。對於這類人而言,“《約瑟和他的兄弟們》只是單純的論辯和智慧的空談。凡是出於這種理由遠離托馬斯• 曼的人,就會走近布萊希特”。*** 托馬斯曼缺少追隨者的另一個原因在於,“他的全部作品達到了幾乎令人嘆為觀止的嚴整和完美,凡是出於這種理由遠離他的人就會走近卡夫卡”。**** 可以說,托馬斯• 曼的全部重要作品都是完整的,《騙子菲利克斯• 克魯爾的自白——回憶錄第一部》的寫作開始於一九一○年,被擱置四十年之後重又補寫完成,於一九五四年,即他去世前一年出版。而卡夫卡的主要作品幾乎全是未完稿。托馬斯• 曼非常勤奮,他的女兒埃麗卡說,別人工作是為了生活,而他活著是為了工作。他一直到晚年仍然筆耕不懈,因為他知道:只要他在寫作,他就活著。甚至他的敵人也不得不承認,“他完美地實現了他為自己所提出的要求。他的敘事風格真正是不可超越的,因而便不再是值得模仿的。一個範例被評價得越高,它就越​​是不可作為範例。於是最終便只好顛倒過來加以歪曲。”* 這位論者話說得有一點兒刻薄,但的確說出了譯者在閱讀一些被詢問者不無妒意的回答時的感受。有位被詢問者提到托馬斯• 曼作為敘事者的傲慢態度,敘事者像上帝般端坐於他所支配的情節之上。譯者在翻譯本書的過程中感覺到,作者是居高臨下鳥瞰般地觀察和敘述人間的事和人的,這裡談不上“傲慢”,只是跟客體拉開距離進行觀察和評說的一種敘述方式,或者說,“他的語言更多是照亮事物,而不是讓事物發光”。** 他讓讀者自己觀察和思考被展示於他們面前的人和事。瑞士作家穆什克*** 也是被詢問者之一,他就托馬斯• 曼與歐洲文明的關係解釋托馬斯• 曼的敘事特點,頗耐人尋味:“托馬斯• 曼與他所代表的歐洲文明的關係,大致如一個國家法教師與國家的關係。他表述指導性原則,權衡、比較最後達到的諸觀念,重視保護少數人,考察現有的利益是否可被視為合法,以及處於怎樣一種先後順序。但他在他所擬定的畫面中作為行動著和相關的主體本身卻並未出現。充其量他只是偶爾對促使人們思考的一個論題發表某些令人信服和無懈可擊的意見。於是便產生了在始作俑者缺席的情況下各方都受到約束的印象,可以說,始作俑者本人出於審慎悄然溜走了;這樣一種情況時而讓人驚嘆,時而讓人不耐煩,因各自處境不同而異,人們習慣上將這種情況稱為諷喻。”諷喻(Ironie)這個詞在德語中的含義是置根於諷刺的一種態度或者意見,它意之所指者是它所說出者的反面,即它所說者是反話,進而對它所針對的東西提出疑問,如果它使人感覺到理應所是的東西,這種態度或者意見便具有了道德傾向。托馬斯• 曼是使用諷喻修辭手段的高手,所以,這才引發穆什克這一段議論。儘管一些二三流作家對托馬斯• 曼的議論出言不遜,但德國的兩位諾貝爾文學獎獲得者伯爾和格拉斯以及倫茨* 仍然遵循托馬斯• 曼的將政治與文學明確分離開來的現實主義文學傳統,尤其《鐵皮鼓》和《狗年月》的作者拉格斯,採用的雖然是當代歷史題材,表現方式卻是非政治的,其中沒有政治性的分析與論斷。他的做法恰如托馬斯• 曼,他只在文章和演說中表達他的政治信念。盧卡奇在他對托馬斯• 曼的最後一部長篇小說《浮士德博士》的評論中談到托馬斯• 曼的思想發展和他的文學創作上的現實主義時說,托馬斯• 曼的發展不僅從保守的專制體制擁護者達到民主主義,而且甚至也承認社會主義的不可避免,但這種可能性卻被排除於他所創作的這部重要作品之外。不過在這裡應指出,托馬斯• 曼的“社會主義”卻並非盧卡奇寫作此文時所看到的“社會主義”。一九四四年,托馬斯• 曼本人在《命運與使命》** 一文中寫道:“中世紀終止之時的宗教性的人民運動便具有一種關於世界終極命運的和共產主義的品格;當時就主張土地、水、空氣、野獸、魚和鳥為一切人所共有……可見共產主義比馬克思和十九世紀更加古老。”*** 托馬斯• 曼相信人們能夠超越列寧主義和斯大林主義當前的殘暴現實。他在《藝術家與政治》一文中又說:“共產主義是一種思想,其根係比馬克思主義和斯大林主義扎得更深,它的純淨的實現將永遠作為要求和使命提到人類面前。而法西斯主義並非思想而是醜惡行徑,但願一個民族不論大小永遠不要再沉迷其中。” * 關於托馬斯• 曼的現實主義,盧卡奇寫道,托馬斯• 曼是“罕有的忠於現實,甚至膜拜現實的現實主義者”,他的現實主義之偉大的力量是,“他只創作在德意志的現實中實際存在著,而並非單純作為要求提出的東西;他描述這些東西直抵其深層根系,絕沒有作者先聲奪人般的未來預言”。** 有的論者認為,*** 在托馬斯• 曼身上將詩人與思想家這兩種品格區分開來是困難的。他在《一個不問政治者的看法》中全面表達了他保守的和反民主的唯美主義。當時他對歐洲西部的一切都持反對態度,認為德意志的文化有別於西部的文化並優於它,這是作為其突出代表的德意志城市貴族的基本信念。他的《約瑟和他的兄弟們》四部曲的情節介於聖經故事與神話之間,寫成於德國人與猶太人共存現象遭到破壞之時,他是如此行事的少數“純德意志的”詩人之一。我在翻譯他的這部以《高貴的精神》為標題的散文集的過程中第一次感覺到,他是偉大的作家,但也是思想家。他在對瓦格納的評論文章中提到,瓦格納說他的作品不是讓人娛樂的,而是促使人進行思考的。我想,這想必也是托馬斯• 曼對他自己的作品尤其是散文作品的要求。作為《高貴的精神》這部散文集的中譯文的一部分的標題的《歌德與托爾斯泰》寫成於一九二一年,這表明,他已經從因發表《一個不問政治者的看法》(一九一八)而跟反戰的知識界發生的衝突的窘境真正脫身出來,不再寫《主人與狗》和《幼兒的歌》(一九二九)之類的閒書。當然,最終使他與反戰派取得和解的是他在一九二二年發表的《論德意志共和國》的演說。《歌德與托爾斯泰》首先於一九二一年九月間在盧俾克的福音傳教士學校宣讀,在隨後的幾年裡被多次修改、潤飾,一九二三年以單行本形式在亞琛出版。一九三二年幾經修改又以《歌德與托爾斯泰——人文論題未完稿》為題在柏林出版,十年間不斷湧入本文的新的思想甚至改動了他的長篇小說《魔山》的構思。中譯本在這一標題下收入的部分文章是關於這兩位偉大作家及其主要作品和不屬於十九世紀的作家、作品的評論,其余文章則收入《多難而偉大的十九世紀》。《高貴的精神》散文集的完整標題是《高貴的精神——人文問題十六論》,一九四五年在斯德哥爾摩出版。中譯文依據的是柏林建設出版社一九五六年出版的《托馬斯• 曼全集》第十卷《高貴的精神——人文問題二十論》其中增加了一九四五年以後寫的《關於陀思妥耶夫斯基的適度評說》(一九四六)、《我們的經驗體認的尼采哲學》、《關於歌德的幻想》和《試論席勒》(一九五五)。中譯文分兩卷出版是出於技術上的原因,即篇幅較大,而且從篇目內容上看這種分卷原則大體上也說得過去。翻譯托馬斯• 曼的著作是譯者翻譯工作的回歸。上世紀六十年代中期,我曾譯出他的《馬里奧和魔術師》,當時已臨近“文革”,找不到可發表的刊物,“文革”初期出於恐懼和絕望將手稿付之一炬。上世紀八十年代以來我翻譯的題材很雜,文學、哲學、基督教神學以及所謂政治哲學皆有,而後兩類東西耗我時間和精力尤多。可我的興趣更在文學和哲學的經典作品。所以,當我從周運先生那裡接手托馬斯• 曼散文集的譯事時,一位老友得知後對我說:“這才是你做的事!”正是他這句話使我頓生回歸之感,儘管此前不久我應朋友之託剛剛譯完托馬斯• 曼的《多難而偉大的理查德• 瓦格納》。與我交誼多年的周運先生不僅給予我這次回歸的機會,而且編書、出書追求盡善盡美的他,從眾多版本的托馬斯• 曼的散文集,選取其中一個詮注最詳細的版本,將其文獻註釋補入中譯,又多方蒐集和精心挑選了一些圖畫和照片映襯與論說相關的人與事。此書若能得到讀者認可,他功不可沒。我們期待著方家的教正。朱雁冰二○一二年清明節重慶歌樂山麓






《歌德與托爾斯泰》試讀:施托澤


在魏瑪,本世紀初** 還生活著一個名叫尤利烏斯• 施托澤,以教書為業的人。當他還是一個學生,一個十六歲的文科中學學生的時候,與艾克曼*** 博士住在距歌德寓所僅幾步之遙的同一幢房舍裡。施托澤與跟他同住的一個同學有時當老人坐在他的窗下時,偶然會伴隨著怦怦心跳瞥見他若明若暗的身影。兩個孩子懷著真正從近處仔細看他一眼的熱切願望,求助於這個與他們同舍居住的助手,懇請他無論如何要為他們尋找這樣一次機會。艾克曼天性和善可親;他讓兩個孩子在一個夏日從後門進入這個著名寓所的花園,他們惴惴不安地站在那裡等待著歌德,讓他們大吃一驚的是:他確實也走了過來,身著一件淺色外衣——大概是我們所知道的那件法蘭絨睡衣——每逢這一時刻在這裡漫步,由於他看見了這兩個孩子,便向他們走去,散發著eau-de-Cologne(科隆香水)的香味,自然是背著手,挺著腹,面帶一副帝國直轄市法律顧問的表情,藉以掩飾——這已被證明是可信的——他的尷尬,他站在他們面前,問他們的名字和要求——很可能同時問兩個孩子,若果真如此,這就顯得很嚴肅了,而且幾乎不容作出回答。由於他們有點兒吞吞吐吐,老人建議他們努力學好功課,他們也許將這領會為:這勝似在這裡張著嘴巴發呆,他們最好是坐下來做好自己的功課,——接著他繼續走下去了。這是全部過程,事情發生在一八二八年。——三十三年以後的某天中午一點鐘,當時已經成為一個優秀的、懷著愛獻身於自己職業的中學教師的施托澤,在二年級教室正要開始上課,這時,師範學校的一個學生推門探頭進來報告說,一個外國人求見施托澤先生。這個外國人隨即走了進來,比老師年輕很多,蓄著不太長的絡腮鬍子,顴骨突出,一雙灰色的小眼睛,黑黑的眉毛之間有兩條皺紋。他沒有自我證明或自我介紹,而是立即問,今天下午上什麼課;當他得知,先是歷史,接著是德語課時,他認為這真是太好了,並說,他走訪了南德意志、法國和英國的學校,現在也想了解一下北德意志的學校。他講話像一個德國人。人們必定認為他是一個教師,基於他提出的專門性的和感興趣的問題以及發表的見解,同時他不停地在他的筆記本上作記錄。他旁聽了一節課。當孩子們在他們的本子上就一個題目寫了一篇文章,即一封信以後,這個外國人要求允許他帶走並保存這些“作文”;這些東西對於他最為有趣。可施托澤卻覺得這要求有些幼稚。誰補償孩子們的練習本呢。魏瑪是個貧窮的小城……他委婉地表達了這層意思。但這外國人回答說,這總會找到辦法的,說著就走出教室。施托澤讓人請校長到教室來。他讓人說這裡發生了一件非同尋常的事。他這麼做是對的,他後來才完全理解,他當時傳達這個消息是多麼得體。因為在當時,當外國人挾著一包書寫用紙回來後,向校長和他說出了自己的名字:“來自俄國的列夫• 托爾斯泰伯爵”,這對於他可能沒有多大意義。——但施托澤老師活到很大年紀,因而他有時間看到,他當時結識的是什麼人。

本書主要是新潮文庫的世界文學名著中的"死"之描述摘錄。

當然,Thomas Mann的每本長篇小說都有死的精彩篇章,本書只選其一。


Nov 10, 2017 — Tolstoy lived in Kazan for six years. It was here that he studied, partied, fell in love and eventually grew disillusioned with it all.



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Bruce Chatwit 《The Volga伏爾加河》 Kazan (Volga region) Federal University 校友 列寧 托爾斯泰 高爾基故事





The Volga at Yaroslavl

Map of the Volga drainage basin
Etymology Proto-Slavic *vòlga "wetness"
Native name Волга (Russian)


Kazan[a] is the largest city and capital of TatarstanRussia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka Rivers, covering an area of 425.3 square kilometres (164.2 square miles), with a population of over 1.3 million residents,[14] and up to nearly 2 million residents in the greater metropolitan area. Kazan is the fifth-largest city in Russia, being the most populous city on the Volga, as well as within the Volga Federal District.



 喀山(伏爾加河沿岸)聯邦大學(俄語:Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет)前身是成立於1804年11月5日的喀山大學(俄語:Казанский университет),由當時沙皇亞歷山大一世簽署批文,位於俄羅斯韃靼斯坦共和國首府喀山市市中心,是俄羅斯繼莫斯科大學聖彼得堡大學之後成立的第三所大學。1924年改名為烏里揚諾夫-列寧喀山國立大學(俄語:Казанский государственный университет имени В. И. Ульянова-Ленина)。

Kazan (Volga region) Federal University
Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет
LatinUniversitas Casanensis[1]
Former names
Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin Kazan State University, Imperial Kazan University
TypePublic/Federal university
EstablishedNovember 17, 1804; 219 years ago[2]
RectorLenar Safin
Academic staff
~ 4400
Students~ 50200


In 1834, the journal Proceedings of Kazan University began to be published by academicians of the university and in 1835 Nicholas I ordered to establish three faculties: Philosophical (which was further subdivided into verbal and physical-mathematical departments), Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine.

In 1844, Karl Klaus, a professor at the university, discovered, and named in honour of Russia, Ruthenium, the only chemical element discovered in Tsarist Russia. Six years thereafter St. Petersburg University opened the Institute of Oriental Studies and all training materials and collections of Kazan University in this field were transferred to the capital of Imperial Russia. Shortly after that, there was a further reform of the university's structure, when in 1863, by the order of Alexander II, the university was reorganised into four departments: History and Philology, Physics and Mathematics, Law, and Medicine. A linguistic school was forming at the university during 1875–1883.[citation needed]

Lenin as he appeared in 1887.

Around that time Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), a future leader of the Soviet Union, studied law at the university from August 1887 until his expulsion due to 'student disturbances' in December 1887.[8]



Literature

[edit]

Pavel Melnikov-PecherskyVelimir KhlebnikovPyotr BoborykinEugenia GinzburgLeo TolstoyDaniil MordovtsevAlexander Tarasov-Rodionov.




阿列克謝·馬克西莫維奇·彼什科夫(俄語:Алексей Максимович Пешков羅馬化Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov;1868年3月28日儒略曆3月16日]-1936年6月18日),筆名馬克西姆·高爾基(俄語:Максим Горький),社會主義、現實主義文學奠基人,政治活動家。


1880年代後期他來到喀山並被成功地被那裡的大學接受為大學生。在這裡他接觸到了革命運動。他在一個麵包坊工作,這個麵包坊同時也是一個秘密馬克思主義小組的圖書館。他很好學,讀了許多書,靠自學的方式獲得了許多,但不系統的知識。他與他的同學之間的差別很大,因此他幾乎沒有朋友。這有可能是1887年一次未成功的自殺企圖的原因。在這個過程中他的肺留下了病根,從此他一直患肺結核。[3]

寫作家和政治活動家

[編輯]

由於他與革命組織的接觸,從1889年開始沙皇警察開始注意到他。同年他將他的一首詩寄給一個詩人,但卻受到了毀滅性的批評。此後一段時間裡他放棄了文學創作。他徒步跋涉穿越俄羅斯、烏克蘭,翻越高加索山脈一直到提比里西。在那裡他接觸到其他革命者和大學生。這些人鼓勵他將他的經歷寫下來。1892年9月12日他的第一部小說在當地的一份報紙上被發表。他使用了馬克西姆·高爾基(苦人)作為筆名。

此後他去薩馬拉並在那裡的一份地方報紙獲得了一個記者的工作。1894年他發表的一部小說正式奠定了他的作家地位。1898年發表的小說集也很受歡迎。1901年聖彼得堡的一次學生示威被警察血腥鎮壓後他寫了《海燕之歌》,這首詩經常在革命聚會上被朗誦。

在話劇《小市民》(1901年)和《底層》(1902年)發表後,他的聲望大增,以